Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) affecting ruminants of the Cervidae family [], like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, and scrapie in small ruminants.CWD expanded its geographic distribution and possibly its prion strain diversity with the emergence in … The Norwegian Veterinary Institute has diagnosed Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a free-ranging reindeer from the Nordfjella population in South-Norway. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease which is a unique family of diseases caused by a malformed protein. Kurt TD, Sigurdson CJ (2016) Cross-species transmission of CWD prions. Until recently, chronic wasting disease of cervids, the only prion disease affecting wildlife, was believed to be geographically concentrated to Colorado and Wyoming within the United States. CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE Aetiology E pidemiology D iagnosis P revention and Control Potential Impacts of Disease Agent Beyond Clinical Illness R eferences AETIOLOGY Classification of the causative agent Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious prion disease of … It died and the carcass was sent to the Norwegian Veterinary Institute in Oslo for necropsy. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link. The disease spread to South Korea when a shipment of live elk carrying presumably the infection was brought into the country for farming in the late 1990s. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), more commonly referred to as Zombie deer disease is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) affecting deer.TSEs are a family of diseases thought to be caused by misfolded proteins called prions and includes similar diseases such as BSE (mad cow disease) in cattle, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans and scrapie in sheep. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) are the two most serious diseases affecting white-tailed deer, and the most commonly confused for one another. Prion diseases are a group of severe conditions that affect the nervous system of many animals, including humans. Part one, on surveillance, animal health risk-based measures … CHEYENNE, Wyo. Deadly animal prion disease appears in Europe, Health-related quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, An app to predict short-term evolution of patients with flare-ups of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We report the detection of CWD in 3 moose (Alces alces) in Norway, identified through a large scale surveillance program. The disease has been reported across North America and recently discovered in northern Europe. Your email address will not be published. The disease has been found in deer, elk and moose in the USA and Canada, and in South Korea following the importation of infected animals. The CWD-infected animal belongs to the last remaining wild tundra reindeer in Europe. The body condition of the reindeer was below medium, but it had still some adipose tissue left. 1 Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway. Nevertheless, it is a mystery how it has affected a wild animal. The disease is well known in North America; however this is the first detection of CWD in Europe. Reindeer have never before been found to have chronic wasting disease in the wild. The disease was first identified in 1967 in a closed herd of captive mule deer in contiguous portions of northeastern Colorado. Canada was not affected by the disease until 1996. (WLBT) - Gun deer hunting season opened this past weekend and wildlife officials are already taking steps to make sure the deer harvested do not have Chronic Wasting Disease… A highly contagious and deadly animal brain disorder has been detected in Europe for the first time. CWD infects animals in the cervid family (deer, elk, moose, and reindeer). He has been researcher and visiting professor at the University of Frankfurt/Main and the University of Kiel, in Germany, and the University of California, Davis and the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, in the United States. CWD is an endemic disease in North America, in which natural infections occurs in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (O. virginianus), elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) og moose (Alces alces shirasi).The reindeer from Norway represents the first detection of CWD in Europe. Spleen samples (n=206) and brain samples (n=222) of roe deer were examined for chronic wasting disease using the antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunoassay and immunohistochemistry. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of deer, elk, moose, and reindeer (cervids) caused by misfolded prion proteins. In 1980, the disease was determined to be a TSE. Required fields are marked *. What if Alzheimer’s disease was caused by fungi? The disease is well known in North America; however this is the first detection of CWD in Europe. The build-up of this altered protein is associated with widespread neurodegeneration that results in dramatic behavior changes and death. CWD is a lethal disease in cervids. The Norwegian Veterinary Institute will take the initiative to follow-up surveys of this disease in the Norwegian wild reindeer populations. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease that affects North American cervids (hoofed ruminant mammals, with males characteristically having antlers). Read more…, Washington D.C. (March 12, 2019)- Last week, at the 84th North American Wildlife & Natural Resources Conference, state directors approved a statement entitled Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies Statement on Chronic Wasting Disease Etiology Read more…. It has been found in some areas of North America, including Canada and the United States, Norway and South Korea. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that has been hitherto only detected in North America and South Korea. Your email address will not be published. In the list of priority diseases quoted in the Priority Medicines for Europe and the World Update Report, 2013 , out of 24 diseases, six belong to this area, namely A reindeer in Norway has been diagnosed with chronic wasting disease, a deadly disease that targets cervids, earlier this month. In 2006, a first chronic wasting disease surveillance was carried out in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in the northern part of Belgium. It was an adult animal, says wildlife pathologist Turid Vikøren at Norwegian Veterinary Institute, who performed the necropsy. It was detected in the middle of March 2016 in connection with a capture program for GPS-collaring using helicopter performed by the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Fires shaped Mount Kilimanjaro’s unique environment. Surveillance efforts began in 1996 and, to date, 27,863 cervids have been sampled and tested for CWD. There were no indications on the occurrence of TSE in any of the samples1. A reindeer in Norway has been diagnosed with chronic wasting disease, a deadly disease that targets cervids, earlier this month. June 26, 2020: Genetic clues help identify CWD susceptibility. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease that affects deer, elk, reindeer, sika deer and moose. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prionopathy affecting wild and farmed cervids. CWD is the only TSE known to affect free-ranging wildlife. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an emerging infectious disease that is fatal to free-ranging and captive animals in Cervidae, the deer family. This news includes a video with expert interviews.Â. This disease attacks the brains of deer, elk and moose and produces small lesions that eventually result in death. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) has an extended incubation period averaging 18–24 months between infection and the onset of noticeable signs. The disease in reindeer revealed a pattern similar to known CWD cases from North America; in contrast, CWD in moose presented with several unusual features, including old age (13-to-14 years) and absence of PrPSc deposition in lymphoid … charmedlightph / iStock. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a highly contagious disease caused by prions that affects several cervid species and is relentlessly spreading across North America. EFSA’s Panel on Biological Hazards has identified monitoring activities and measures to prevent the introduction and spread of the disease into and within the EU. 2019-07-15 The disease Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) was first detected in Europe in 2016. We report the detection of CWD in 3 moose (Alces alces) in Norway, identified through a large scale surveillance program. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a relentless epidemic disorder caused by infectious prions that threatens the survival of cervid populations and raises increasing public health concerns in North America. It was the first preliminary active epidemic surveillance of European wild cervids in Europe, in order to … CWD belongs to a group of diseases known as Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs), in which the infectious agents are known to be the prion protein, a normal protein that misfolds and destroys the brain. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy was transmitted to human beings –causing the new variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease– by eating food contaminated with the brain, spinal cord or digestive tract of infected carcasses. CWD was confirmed in Elk Hunt Area 1 with a positive test from a targeted bull … This disease is endemic in North America and has been recently identified in Europe. Norway has put in place additional surveillance. In this study, we … Chronic Wasting Disease in Kansas was first identified in farmed bull elk in Harper County in 2001. — Edited in Bilbao. However, confirmed diagnoses in Norway in both reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and European elk/moose (Alces alces) in two geographically widely separated regions (Defra 2016a) is particularly disturbing.The origin of CWD in Norway is obscure. The disease is well known in North America; however this is the first detection of CWD in Europe. In this study, we … The abnormal prion protein infects the host animal by promoting conversion of normal cellular prion proteins to the abnormal form. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of deer, elk, moose, and reindeer (cervids) caused by misfolded prion proteins. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), also a TSE, naturally infects several cervid species in North America and is spreading rapidly in both captive and free-ranging populations. CHRONIC wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease affecting many species of deer, which was, until recently, confined to North America. However, the infectious agent, although most highly concentrated in nervous tissue, can be found in virtually all tissues throughout the body, including blood. Subscribe to our daily newsletter to recieve articles and another updates. The EU then decided on a general surveillance in six Member States, including Sweden. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is to date the most contagious prion disease and affects captive and free-ranging elk, deer and moose in North America.1,2 The disease is caused by the accumulation of an abnormally folded isoform of the cellular prion protein PrPC, denominated PrPSc.3,4 CWD is the cervid equivalent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), scrapie in sheep and goat5 … It might have arisen spontaneously or jumped the species barrier from another transmissible spongiform encephalopathy caused by prions in sheep called scrapie. Prion 10(1): 83-91. Chronic Wasting Disease belongs to a group of disease which is known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The first detection of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in Europe. Continuing to use www.cabi.org means you agree to our use of cookies. The first detection of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in Europe Publisert 21.12.2017 Endret 03.09.2018 The Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI) has diagnosed Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a free-ranging reindeer from the Nordfjella population in South-Norway. Also, this is the first detection of a natural infection in reindeer worldwide. The zoonotic potential of CWD prions is a serious public health concern, but the susceptibility of human CNS and peripheral organs to CWD prions remains largely unresolved. May 20, 2020: Montana officials detect new cases of chronic wasting disease Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a relentless epidemic disorder caused by infectious prions that threatens the survival of cervid populations and raises increasing public health concerns in North America. The animal was a free-ranging wild female reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) from the Nordfjella population located in the alpine regions of southern Norway. Now they threaten it, Strong coupling between propagating phonon polaritons and organic molecules observed for the first time, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0, De Bosschere H, Saegerman C, Neukermans A, Berkvens D, Casaer J, Vanopdenbosch E, Roels S (2006) First chronic wasting disease (CWD) surveillance of roe deer (. — ISSN 2529-8992 As of June 30, 2020, CWD has been detected in two farmed elk and 361 wild deer. A large number of free-ranging populations of reindeer graze in areas where scrapie has been detected; however, this jump has never been detected before. The disease is well known in North America; however this is the first detection of CWD in … Conservation act passed this year could help Wyoming fight chronic wasting disease, invasive species. Publisert 21.12.2017 Endret 03.09.2018 The Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI) has diagnosed Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a free-ranging reindeer from the Nordfjella population in South-Norway. CWD is a lethal disease in cervids. Initial experimental research suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier preventing CWD transmission to humans 3. It is found globally and in about half of the states in the U.S. CWD remains relatively rare in Minnesota at this time, but is a concern as there is currently no known cure. Also, this is the first detection of natural infection in reindeer worldwide. In Europe, CWD was detected for the first time in wild Norwegian reindeer and moose in 2016. First Detection of Chronic Wasting Disease in a Wild Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) in Europe Turid Vikøren; Turid Vikøren 4. Wildlife authorities in Virginia say a deer hunted in Loudoun County last month has tested positive for chronic wasting disease. Very recently, CWD was detected for the first time in Europe. Thus, and epidemic can be a hard blow for these human populations, not taking into account possible effects of quarantines in Christmas season since flying reindeer are said to pull Santa Claus’s sleigh. Two deer have tested positive for chronic wasting disease in Minnesota. The EU then decided on a general surveillance in six Member States, including Sweden. CWD is the only TSE known to affect free-ranging wildlife. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally occurring disease of the brain and nervous system in deer and elk that belongs to a family of diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE). To compare CWD strains in Canada and Norway, the researchers experimentally … The disease has been found in deer, elk and moose in the USA and Canada, and in South Korea following the importation of infected animals. It seems unlikely that it was imported as in the Korean case since there are no records indicating transport of cervids from North America to North Europe. It is the first time that CWD is detected in Europe, and the first time it is detected in this species since previously it was thought to be restricted to mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (O. virginianus), elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) and moose (Alces alces shirashi). Europe PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature. In cervids older than 18 months, we routinely collect sample of the brain for CWD examination as part of the national surveillance program for CWD, and that was also done in this reindeer, Vikøren continues. The 2016 emergence of CWD in Europe makes it urgent to understand the basics of CWD and to assess the extent to which current CWD knowledge is transferable to Europe. It is widely accepted that feeding the cattle, which are normally herbivores, with the remains of other cattle in the form of meat and bone meal, caused the bovine spongiform encephalopathy, probably from the contamination of the meal from sheep with scrapie that was processed in the same slaughterhouse. The disease spread to South Korea when a shipment of live elk carrying presumably the infection was brought into the country for farming in the late 1990s. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal prion disease spreading in North American cervid populations. Chronic wasting disease, or CWD, is a fatal neurological disease that affects cervids, including white-tailed deer. Like most websites we use cookies. Among the non-human animal diseases are scrapie, transmissible mink encephalopathy, feline spongiform encephalopathy, exotic ungulate encephalopathy, bovine spongiform encephalopathy –commonly known as mad cow disease– and chronic wasting disease. The animal was sick and the body condition was below medium, but it has still some adipose tissue. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a widespread and highly transmissible prion disease in free-ranging and captive cervid species in North America. The malformed prion protein accumulates in the brain and other tissues causing neurological signs, emaciation, and death. The EU has determined that a pan European EU surveillance system to monitor deer populations to detect any fresh cases is required. The first case was identified in 1967 in a mule deer in a wildlife research facility in Colorado, USA. The postmortem analysis demonstrated the presence of prions both by the first routine test (ELISA) and in two supplementary analyses (Western blotting and immunohistochemistry) (3). Initially detected in a captive deer in 1967, the disease is now widespread in the United States, Canada, and South Korea . Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) was detected for the first time in Europe in wild Norwegian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and moose (Alces alces) in 2016. ).Previous Prnp genotyping studies on approximately 200 … CWD belongs to a group of diseases known as Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs), in which the infectious agents are known to be the prion protein, a normal protein that misfolds and destroys the brain. The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease in two parts. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prionopathy affecting wild and farmed cervids. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal contagious prion disease naturally occurring in cervids in North America. Even many sub species of deer family and even hybrids also gets effected by this deadly disease. Chronic Wasting Disease – The situation in America, Norway, and the UK - pdf Read Report (224 KB) pdf CWD update (462 KB) - pdf Click here (462 KB) CWD Research – DNA Samples Supplied for CWD Research Project. CWD is a lethal disease in cervids. Cookies on VetMed Resource. The disease Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) was first detected in Europe in 2016. This disease is endemic in North America and has been recently identified in Europe. The development of the disease is slow as in other prion diseases and affected cervids show loss of body condition and altered behavior. Cervids are keystone species in ecosystems and are associated with enormous cultural and economic value. In 2016, CWD was detected in wild reindeer ( Rangifer … Also, this i The disease Chronic Wasting Disease is a contagious neurological disease that attacks the brain of cervids. Use this link to get alternative options to subscribe. The most obvious sign of CWD is progressive weight loss. https://www.localdvm.com/video/chronic-wasting-disease/6054338 In 1976, it was identified as a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. CWD belongs to a group of prion diseases, which include scrapie in small ruminants, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. The disease There is no cure or vaccine and as far as we know, CWD is always fatal. It is unknown how the disease has appeared in Europe. (Release) - The Wyoming Game and Fish Department has confirmed a new hunt area where an elk has tested positive for chronic wasting disease (CWD). Disease report In March 2016, the cervid Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE), or Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) was reported in reindeer … Ante-mortem CWD tests of pre-clinical cervids may be an important tool in helping control the spread of this disease. The Norwegian Veterinary Institute has diagnosed Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a free-ranging reindeer from the Nordfjella population in South-Norway. Hunting of wild reindeer and herding of semi-domesticated reindeer (for meat, hides, antlers, milk and transportation) are important to several Arctic and Subarctic peoples, including the Saami, Nenets, Khants, Evenks, Yukaghirs, Chukchi, and Koryaks in Eurasia, and there is an unbroken tradition of reindeer hunting from post-glacial Stone Age until today. -The sick female reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) was detected in the middle of March 2016 in connection with capture for GPS-collaring using helicopter performed by the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA. The head of the Norwegian Reference Laboratory for animal prion diseases at Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Sylvie Benestad, states that the brain sample from the reindeer was positive for the detection of prions both by the first routine test (ELISA-test) and in two supplementary tests (Western Blotting, Immunohistochemistry). This work by Mapping Ignorance is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0, © 2020 Mapping Ignorance CWD is a lethal disease in cervids. ***> Prion 2018 P74 High Prevalence of … If you suspect it you must report it immediately by calling the Defra Rural Services Helpline on 03000 200 301. Moderna asking US, European regulators for emergency use of COVID-19 vaccine. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an emerging infectious disease that is fatal to free-ranging and captive animals in Cervidae, the deer family. The disease is well known in North America; however this is the first detection of CWD in Europe. The Norwegian Veterinary Institute has diagnosed Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a free-ranging reindeer from the Nordfjella population in South-Norway. The disease has been reported across North America and recently discovered in northern Europe. Chronic conditions and diseases are major causes of disability, ill-health, health-related retirement and premature death, and present considerable social and economic costs. Ante-mortem CWD tests of pre-clinical cervids may be an important tool in helping control the spread of this disease… Death is inevitable once clinical disease occurs. Polymorphisms within the prion protein gene (Prnp) are an intrinsic factor that can modulate chronic wasting disease (CWD) pathogenesis in cervids.Although wild European reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) were infected with CWD, as yet there have been no reports of the disease in North American caribou (R. tarandus spp. Among the human prion diseases are kuru, Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome and fatal familial insomnia. Introduction. During the sampling, CWD was discovered in the spring of 2019 at two older moose cows in … These disease has got quite many names which has earlier known to affect only sheep some 200 years back. Jorun Jarp, Head of Dep. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that can infect mammals in the family Cervidae, which includes deer, elk, and moose, among other species. Here we report the first case of CWD in Europe, in a Norwegian free-ranging reindeer in Southern Norway. It was first identified in wild elk and mule deer and white-tailed deer in the early 1980s in Colorado and Wyoming, and in farmed elk in 1997. CWD is one member of a family of diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), and is thought to be caused by prions. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is most likely to enter the European Union through the movement of live cervids – such as reindeer and moose – that are transported or roam freely from Norway to Sweden and Finland. of Health Surveillance  Mobile: 90056216.Â, Asle Haukaas, Communication Director  Mobile: 92080877.Â, Publisert 11.09.2020 On Thursday evening 10th of September, the Norwegian Veterinary Institute notified the Norwegian Food Safety Authority of a confirmed case of CWD in a wild reindeer shot during the ordinary hunt on the Read more…, The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has finalized the Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) Herd Certification Program Standards that were originally published on March 29, 2018 for stakeholder feedback. Latest Chronic Wasting Disease News: July 9, 2020: National Wildlife Health Center June 2020 Newsletter Focused on Current & Collaborative work on CWD. In Europe, CWD was detected for the first time in wild Norwegian reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus … The development of the disease is slow and affected cervids show loss of body condition and altered behaviour. It’s important to know the difference, as there is no concern about eating a deer with EHD, but some concern does exist about the safety of handling, processing, and eating a deer with CWD. During this time frame animals look and act normal. Over the weekend and through today, the world added about 2 million cases, putting the global COVID-19 … It died and the carcass was submitted to the Norwegian Veterinary Institute in Oslo for necropsy and laboratory examinations. The disease has been detected in a wild reindeer in Norway. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that affects cervids. Chronic Wasting Disease is a contagious neurological disease that attacks the brain of cervids. This is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal contagious prion disease in cervids that is enzootic in some areas in North America. Different CWD strains in North America, Europe, researchers conclude. The first detection of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in Europe free-ranging reindeer from the … While both North America and Europe have detected chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids such as deer, the two continental strains are distinct, reports a study yesterday in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ( PNAS ). During the sampling, CWD was discovered in the spring of 2019 at two older moose cows in Arjeplog and Arvidsjaur respectively. According to the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, a wild deer harvested in Dakota County on Nov. 7 … He has authored more than 145 articles in peer-reviewed journals and written 20 books including university textbooks and popular science for both adults and children. Chronic Wasting Disease: Novel Type of Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in European Moose (Alces alces), Norway. 6.3 Coordinating care for individual chronic diseases: DMPs 51 6.4 Managing care across chronic diseases: integrated care models 52 Part III: Challenges of chronic disease management Chapter 7 Tackling the challenges of chronic disease in Europe 55 7.1 New pharmaceuticals and medical devices 55 7.2 Financial incentives 59 The malformed prion protein accumulates in the brain and other tissues causing neurological signs, emaciation, and death. Although their causes were highly controversial, there is a widespread agreement nowadays that they are originated and transmitted by prions, infectious agents with a normal and an abnormal structure. Very recently, CWD was detected for the first time in Europe. JACKSON, Miss. In 2006, a first chronic wasting disease surveillance was carried out in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in the northern part of Belgium. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, chronic wasting disease is "a prion disease that affects deer, elk, reindeer, sika deer and moose" and has been found in … The European Commission asked EFSA for a Scientific Opinion: to revise the state of knowledge about the differences between the chronic wasting disease (CWD) strains found in North America (NA) and Europe and within Europe; to review new scientific evidence on the zoonotic potential of CWD and to provide recommendations to address the potential risks and to identify risk factors for the spread of CWD in the European … Norway – Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) identified in a wild reindeer at Hardanger Plateau, APHIS Announces Finalized Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program Standards, Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies Approves Statement on the Cause of Chronic Wasting Disease.
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