Prof. Jenkins is one of the most prominent figures in ELF scholarship, and has published numerous books and articles on the topic. Newcastle upton Tine: Cambridge Scholars. English fulfills the need for a global lingua franca for it has spread to large areas of the world due to colonisation and the widespread teaching of English as a foreign language. Lingua franca 1. 2002. “’Language stripped bare’ or ‘linguistic masala’? The ‘habitat factor’ in English as a lingua franca interactions.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 177, 151-17. In telling the story of a woman who, like her, is a transgender Filipina, Sandoval encompasses not just the complicated issue of sexual identity but also the dangers of being an immigrant in Trump’s America. Nowadays, English is a common lingua franca across the sphere because it is used for the purpose of communication globally. …many widespread trade languages and lingua francas in addition to those mentioned above. Lingua franca communication. DOI:10.1080/13556509.2013.10798856. 2009. “'We should not wake up any dogs': Idiom and metaphor in ELF.”. It comes from the author whose book "The Phonology of English as an International Language" spear-headed the English as a Lingua Franca movement - a challenge to assumptions, bias and asymmetry held within native-speaker English standards in EFL pedagogy and growing non-native speaker dominated contexts of English use. : Peter Lang, 163-194. The Globalisation of English and the English Language Classroom. Dewey defends ELF by emphasising the importance of variability and the dynamic nature of ELF. Winds of change in the English language – Air of peril for native speakers? 2006. “In and on their own terms. [Print version of Breiteneder 2005.] Björkman, Beyza. The status of English as a lingua franca (ELF) has become an increasingly popular discourse in Applied Linguistics and current ELT. Other terms with slightly different meanings have been used in the debate and research on the global spread of English, including "English as an International Language" (EIL), "Global English", "Global Englishes", "International English", "World English" and "World Englishes", and "Globish" (Global English). 2, No. “Exploiting redundancy in English as a European Lingua Franca”. Definition and Examples of a Lingua Franca, Foreign Language Requirement for College Admissions, Key Events in the History of the English Language, New Englishes: Adapting the Language to Meet New Needs, The "Inner Circle" of the English Language, Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia, M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester, B.A., English, State University of New York. This concept of linguistic imperialism has been developed and heavily used by Robert Phillipson. (There may be native speakers present, but they would be in the minority.) English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) is a term used to describe the use of English as a common language for communication between speakers whose first language is not English. Knapp, Karlfried; Meierkord, Christiane (eds.). A research study of MELF interactions where nurses negotiated a patient handover simulation indicated that areas of unintelligibility represented a potential threat to patient safety, through misrecognition of vocabulary related to medication, as well as other areas of lexical imprecision.[30]. Synergies Europe 3, 25-36. p.27, Vienna Oxford International Corpus of English [VOICE]: FAQ. 2007. “'Mind you, sometimes you have to mix'. Adolphs, Svenja. Kalocsai, Karolina. Englishes in Practice, Issue 1, 3-17. Is it a lingua franca or common language only for non-native speakers that speak it as a foreign language or for those that use it in multicultural settings? Language Contact and the Future of English. Prescriptivists (generally non-linguists) tend to dismiss ELF as a kind of foreigner talk or what has been disparagingly called BSE—"bad simple English." This … 2001. “Bringing Europe's lingua franca into the classroom.” The Guardian Weekly 19 April 2001. London: Routledge. Spichtinger, Daniel. Frankfurt am Main et al. [7] ELF research focuses on the pragmatics of variation which is manifest in the variable use of the resources of English for a wide range of globalized purposes, in important formal encounters such as business transactions, international diplomacy and conflict resolution, as well as in informal exchanges between international friends.[8]. 1996. “The discursive accomplishment of normality. 2008. “Lingua franca or lingua frankensteinia? Festschrift für Juliane House zum 60. In this post from the Talk to the Expert series, TEA had the pleasure to talk to prof. Jennifer Jenkins about English as a Lingua Franca and its influence on ELT and the status of non-native English speaking teachers. Breiteneder, Angelika Maria. despite its barbaric accretions ... or, I should say, because of its barbaric accretions. But Barbara Seidlhofer makes the point that there's probably no reason to debate whether ELF is its own variety of English without more information about how it's used by different speakers in the first place. The lingua franca role of English, coupled with its status as the official language of ASEAN, has important implications for language policy and language education. Other results All matches. British linguist Jennifer Jenkins points out that ELF is not a new phenomenon. 2005. “Exploring the third space. Phillipson, Robert (1992), Linguistic Imperialism, Oxford University Press. Seidlhofer, Barbara. 2002. Pölzl, Ulrike. English as a lingua franca. Zeiss, Nadine. to the 'identity--communication continuum.' 2008, Apr. 2008. “'So where we are?' Lesznyák, Ágnes. Dr. Richard Nordquist is professor emeritus of rhetoric and English at Georgia Southern University and the author of several university-level grammar and composition textbooks. English language has replaced French as the lingua franca of diplomacy since World War II. In ELF interactions, intelligibility is key, which may not necessitate an advantage for native speakers (see above). [27] Studies of Medical English as a Lingua Franca (MELF)[28] provide opportunities to investigate ELF interactions where communicative precision is critical, and the migration of healthcare practitioners across international borders (a phenomenon consistent with the "deterritorialisation" of ELF generally),[29] have created conditions where MELF interactions are increasingly commonplace. The Spread of English and its Appropriation. Meierkord, Christiane. 2002. “Native speaker norms and international English: a classroom view.” ELT Journal 56, 240-249. Klimpfinger, Theresa. [9] A consequence of this is a sense of ownership of the language which is shared by different communities. ELF is "defined functionally by its use in intercultural communication rather than formally by its reference to native-speaker norms"[3] whereas English as a second or foreign language aims at meeting native speaker norms and gives prominence to native speaker cultural aspects. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 7(2) [Special Issue: English as a Lingua Franca. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Müller. Applying nonverbal cues was seen as being of importance to encourage simulated patients to express concerns, because silence may be interpreted as a sign of potential problems. 2015. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca, vol. 2009. Millions of people across the world use English as a lingua franca to communicate with each other, when they do not share the same native language. Colin Sowden (2012)[43] opened the debate with a paper in which he discusses which version of English to teach to second language (L2) learners. Gnutzmann, Claus; Intemann, Frauke (eds.). Generally, a lingua franca is a third language that is distinct from the native language of both parties involved in the communication. Besides, English Language operates as the lingua franca of this new millennium. [11] In other words, communicative efficiency (i.e. Furthermore, he emphasises the importance of presenting this variation to learners, at the appropriate level, and he wishes that this dynamic relationship between ELF and ENL (English as a Native Language) will be central to how we view language usage. 2005. “Exploiting redundancy in English as a European Lingua Franca: The case of the ‘third person –s’.” Unpublished MA Thesis, University of Vienna. Most importantly, proponents of this view reject the idea that emerging insights into how English is used as a lingua franca can provide useful input with regard to the aims and methods of English language teaching. (eds.) Some, including English and French, were imported and used by administrators, missionaries, and traders during the colonial period. ... One is the (traditional) idea that English is a lingua franca for a non-native speaker constituency which should pursue knowledge of the language as if it were a foreign language. The way forward according to Sowden is to focus on communicative ability, not on universal conformity. Recent Examples on the Web These researchers argue that quantum field theory, the current lingua franca of particle physics, tells far too convoluted a story. Did you manage to communicate? The way English is used as a lingua franca is heavily dependent on the specific situation of use. 2006. “Issues in researching English as a lingua franca: a conceptual enquiry.” International Journal of Applied Linguistics 19: 2, 117-135. 2008 "Introducing English as a lingua franca (ELF): Precursor and partner in intercultural communication." Arbingdon, UK: Routledge. English as a lingua franca in the international University: The Politics of Academic English Language Policy. Mauranen, Anna; Ranta, Elina (eds.). Pölzl, Ulrike. English, he suggests, will be the last lingua franca. For Sowden, the use of multilingual and local teachers can also be beneficial for L2 learners, as these teachers have knowledge of the local culture and spoken languages and the constraints they have on learning English. In contrast, English as Lingua Franca users tend to focus on effective communication with speakers of other linguistic backgrounds. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Press, 298-322. Apparently paradoxically, the more localised the use of English as a lingua franca, the more variation it is likely to display. 25-46. Assessing Variety Status. 2009. House, Juliane. The Globalisation of English and the English language classroom. The term was the combination of the term “Lingua” and “Franca” where “lingua” directly translates to “language” while “franca” directly means “Franks,” a t… When used for international communication, on the other hand, speakers will consciously avoid the use of local and nativised norms and expressions," (Kirkpatrick 2007). Adolphs, Svenja. Sowden claims that Standard English, especially British English, has a colonial baggage that still affects the status of English in post-colonial countries and it is this negative value that has led ELF researchers to an attempt to describe and posit a neutralized version of English and to make it a universal one that belongs to every speaker, both native and second language speakers. London: Routledge, 47-50. Lingua franca communication. 17:6, 485-596. which put Phillipson in a contrast situation. Lastly, Cogo contests Sowden's view on ELF researchers themselves. Geburtstag. The other line of criticism argues that concepts such as ELF provide a useful (terminological) veneer for continued (linguistic) domination by English-speaking countries through their political, educational, and cultural institutions. 2005. “Exploring the third space. • English as a lingua franca- threat to Urdu ( Dawn news article13 May 2017 14. Secondly, Cogo draws on the importance of studying accommodation in ELF interactions by emphasising the different ways in which people adjust their English at the level of words, grammar and discourse in ELF communication instead of focusing on the core features of ELF as suggested by Sowden. The role of code-switching in English as a lingua franca.” Views 16: 2, 36-61. [47][48][49] This leads to linear connections between intention, behaviour, culture, etc., and English usages, which can be false lines of corrolation. The distinctiveness of ELF comes from the rapid pace of language evolution and innovation, enhanced in the ELF context due to the linguistic and cultural diversity of English speakers, where understanding is more important than using Standard features. English has become a lingua franca in many parts of the world. He disagrees with the definition of ELF being based on a distinction between non-native and native language use. ELF is "defined functionally by its use in intercultural communication rather than formally by its reference to native-speaker norms" whereas English as a second or foreign language Providing a unique and original perspective on this subject, Istvan Kecskes explains the language behaviour of ELF speakers, through the lens of Gricean pragmatics. English as a lingua franca: the study of language practices. The Complexity of ELF. Although most contemporary linguists regard English as a lingua franca (ELF) as a valuable means of international communication and worthwhile object of study, some have challenged its value and the idea that ELF is a distinct variety of English at all. [10] But once a language is appropriated by new communities, it is then adapted to their specific needs. MacKenzie, Ian. While ELF communication is highly variable, there are features which have been identified as regularly (although not always) occurring. Word Origin late 17th cent. 2 What is a lingua franca? English as a lingua franca (ELF) is the use of the English language "as a global means of inter-community communication"[1] (Seidlhofer 2016: 20) and can be understood as "any use of English among speakers of different first languages for whom English is the communicative medium of choice and often the only option[2]" (Seidlhofer 2011: 7). Klimpfinger, Theresa. Ferguson, Gibbson. It will be argued that the role of English in Asia has now extended beyond operating at intranational level, as evidenced by the existence of established varieties of … 2006. “Efficiency in ELF communication. Galloway, Nicola & Rose, Heath (2015). "English operates as a lingua franca at a number of different levels, including local, national, regional and international. : from Italian, literally ‘Frankish tongue’. Euro English. ... What is new about ELF, however, is the extent of its reach," (Jenkins 2013).Â. Powered by JustWatch. The approach to ELF should be more non-essentialist according to Sewell who points out that ELF does not involve a set of features or skills that distinguishes it from languages in general, as all language usage is varied. For people to adapt to certain situations, learning English has become a necessity. Notes on English used as a lingua franca as an object of study. . [4] While lingua francas have been used for centuries, what makes ELF a novel phenomenon is the extent to which it is used in spoken,[5] written[6] and in computer-mediated communication. Seidlhofer, Barbara. English as a European lingua franca. It also creates a focus on what is different rather than what is there, which moves from a descriptive agenda to a pragmatic (and, arguably, problematic) one. 2010. This page was last edited on 26 November 2020, at 21:31. English as a lingua franca (ELF) is the use of the English language "as a global means of inter-community communication" (Seidlhofer 2016: 20) and can be understood as "any use of English among speakers of different first languages for whom English is the communicative medium of choice and often the only option " (Seidlhofer 2011: 7). Lingua franca definition: A lingua franca is a language or way of communicating which is used between people who do... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Dewey argues that even though Sewell's article is meant to be a critique of ELF, several of his ‘non-essentialist’ views on language are compatible with those of Cogo and other ELF researchers, thus undermining his argument. Discover grammar tips, writing help, and fun English language facts. Jenkins, Jennifer (2014). English in European integration and globalization.” World Englishes 27: 2, 250-267. Sewell[45] (2013) argued that the debate about ELF between Sowden and Cogo fails to acknowledge the variation that characterises language use today. English as a Lingua Franca in Europe Today English is widely regarded as the most widespread lingua franca in the world and this is also true in Europe: English has become an intrinsic part of the European linguistic landscape and it constitutes an Changing attitudes in an inter-connected world. Major technological advances in the 21st century have enabled instant global communication, thus breaking the barriers of space and time between different locations on the planet. Sometimes as the language becomes more widespread, the native populations of an area will speak the lingua franca to each other as well. "Seeing as the movement to bring forth the conceptualization of English as a lingua franca is gaining momentum worldwide, and more specifically for Europe, it is imperative that an analysis is made of the implications of the two differing approaches. Regarding the criticism of ELF and variety building, some claim that ELF research has inherited the legacies of traditional linguistics, which contain some obstacles when considering language use in context. Once descriptions are available of how speakers from different linguacultural backgrounds use ELF, this will make it possible to consider whether it would make sense to think of English as it is spoken by its non-native speakers as falling into different varieties, just as is the English spoken by its native speakers. London: Routledge. A study in cross-cultural understanding. Apples – Journal of Applied Linguistics Series 3 (1), 25-49. English has not become the global ‘lingua franca’ as a result of colonialism or soft power initiatives. Here, the speaker's ability to move away from the traditional speech patterns of the native varieties is argued to be an important part of ELF research. [23] In ELF interactions, the importance lies on communication strategies other than nativeness, which can lead to communicative situations where those English native speakers who are not familiar with ELF and/or intercultural communication are at a disadvantage because they do not know how to use English appropriately in these situations. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, 261-274. Rather, these forms do not seem to compromise effective communication within an ELF setting when they do occur. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag. The term English as a lingua franca (ELF) refers to the teaching, learning, and use of English as a common means of communication (or contact language) for speakers of different native languages. 2009. “The lingua franca factor.” Intercultural pragmatics 6: 2, 147-170. [50] Although Phillipson suggests this idea, there are some controversial facts[which?] English is used as a lingua franca among many airline pilots. Phillipson, Robert. International Review of Education 47: 3, 185-200. 2005. "Whether ELF should be called a variety of English at all is an open question, and one which cannot be answered as long as we do not have any good descriptions of it. Barbara Seidlhofer. In Mauranen, Anna and Ranta, Elina (eds.). Berlin: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller. Maybe you could create some kind of other language using bits of both languages. Form follows function.” English Today 95 (3), 58-61. Baird, Robert (2012). Whilst recognising Cogo's clarifications regarding several misconceptions of ELF, Sewell also points out and discusses some of the questions Cogo's article arises. It is well known that divisions between languages are arbitrary, and therefore those between varieties of a language have to be as well. Mollin, Sandra. 2013. 2008. “English as a Lingua Franca. A natural development. 2009. “Erasmus exchange students. That is to say, it is imperative that our understanding of how English is used in Europe is integrated with a vision of a communicatively viable use of the language internationally," (Modiano 2009). As far as Marko Modiano is concerned, there are two ways to approach deciding who English is a lingua franca for. [18][19][20][21] Recent linguistic discussions by ELF experts treat the interactants' cultural and linguistic background as a factor influencing language performance. 13 May 2017 Critical Concepts in Linguistics. English as a Foreign Language (EFL) is English when it is used by non-native speakers to communicate with native speakers. 1 LINGUA-FRANCA Iffatara Nargis STD No- Department of English Green University Bangladesh 2. [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] Breiteneder argues that learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) often have an integrative motivation for learning and using English since they wish to identify with the culture and values of English native speakers. ELF is also used on a much smaller scale. Alessia Cogo[44] challenged Sowden's critical paper on ELF in 2012 by stating that his arguments were based on outdated research and a confusion between the terms World Englishes (WE) and ELF. "As well as being used—often in a very simple form—by tourists, ELF is prominent in international politics and diplomacy, international law, business, the media, and in tertiary education and scientific research—which Yamuna Kachru and Larry Smith (2008: 3) call ELF's 'mathetic function'—so it is clearly not a reduced lingua franca in the term's original (Frankish) sense," notes Ian Mackenzie before going on to elaborate on the ways in which this application of English differs from native English. The other, upheld by those who have bought into the world Englishes paradigm, is to see English as a lingua franca for interlocutors who use it with others in multicultural settings (and thus see English in its diversity as opposed to viewing English as a prescriptive entity defined by idealized inner-circle speakers). 2001. “Closing a conceptual gap: the case for a description of English as a lingua franca.” International Journal of Applied Linguistics 11: 2, 133-158. Seidlhofer, Barbara; Widdowson, Henry G. 2003. “House work and student work. World Englishes. This is one of the questions in onestopenglish’s list of suggestions for completing a needs analysis, and it is a crucial question if you want to know whether your learners use English as a Lingua Franca (ELF). in Lesznyák 2002. Phillipson, Robert. Contrastingly, Davies criticises the concept and argues that it is “inhabited” by two cultures: one is a culture of guilt ("colonies should never have happened") the other is that of romantic despair ("we shouldn’t be doing what we are doing").[52]. Seidlhofer, Barbara. If English is indeed a lingua franca, it should be possible to describe it as such without prejudice. Sowden argues that ELF researchers encourage ELF speakers to use specific varieties of English over others, an argument that Cogo refutes by stating that researchers only use empirical data to show what happens in ELF interactions, and never to tell speakers what to use. Empathic doctor-patient communication then means not only mean understanding and sympathizing but having the ability to bridge the gap when patients are not willing to talk. MacKenzie, Ian. English as a lingua franca in Europe. Cogo further cites various studies in the field that have demonstrated that ELF communication is fluid and innovative, with an emphasis on highly variable linguistic forms. English, as a language, open doors of opportunities for students to enable them to reach their goals and dreams. This could also be the reason why English has become the world’s lingua franca since it is already widely used in various countries around the globe. (eds.) It does not make much sense, therefore, to talk about a monolithic variety as such: a variety can be treated as if it were a monolith, but this is a convenient fiction, for the process of variation itself never stops," (Seidlhofer 2006). This early lingua franca featured the use of invariant forms of nouns, adjectives, and verbs. For example, there are claims that variationist discourses have entered into some ELF accounts, creating too much emphasis on accounting for language forms and authenticating them numerically, rather than considering all the contextual factors and variations that constitute communicative practices across ELF settings.
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