Schott, Joseph L. (1975). From the Secret Files of J. Edgar Hoover. [43] Hoover had a reputation as "an inveterate horseplayer", and was known to send Special Agents to place $100 bets for him. King did consult with former members of the Communist Party, among many others. that is why we have decided to share not only this crossword clue but all the Daily Themed Crossword Answers every single day. It’s important to reevaluate King’s legacy in light of this new information. [52][53], In 1946, Attorney General Tom C. Clark authorized Hoover to compile a list of potentially disloyal Americans who might be detained during a wartime national emergency. Broderick Crawford and James Wainwright portrayed Hoover in the Larry Cohen film The Private Files of J. Edgar Hoover (1977). März 1935 bis zu seinem Tod der erste Direktor des nunmehr umbenannten Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Many of these criminals frequently made newspaper headlines across the United States, particularly John Dillinger, who became famous for leaping over bank cages, and repeatedly escaping from jails and police traps. [82] However, Anthony Summers, who wrote Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover (1993), stated that there was no ambiguity about the FBI director's sexual proclivities and described him as "bisexual with failed heterosexuality. W.W. Norton. ‘J. Eric Ladin, Actor: American Sniper. Temple University Press. [17], He soon became the head of the Division's Alien Enemy Bureau, authorized by President Woodrow Wilson at the beginning of World War I to arrest and jail allegedly disloyal foreigners without trial. J. Edgar Hoover has been portrayed by numerous actors in films and stage productions featuring him as FBI Director. Trevor Griffey ne travaille pas, ne conseille pas, ne possède pas de parts, ne reçoit pas de fonds d'une organisation qui pourrait tirer profit de cet article, et n'a déclaré aucune autre affiliation que son organisme de recherche. [clarification needed] Targets during this period included Marcus Garvey;[21] Rose Pastor Stokes and Cyril Briggs;[22] Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman;[23] and future Supreme Court justice Felix Frankfurter, who, Hoover maintained, was "the most dangerous man in the United States. Beverly, William (2003). J. Edgar Hoover, powerful head of the F.B.I. Because of the controversial nature of Hoover's legacy, there have been periodic proposals to rename it by legislation proposed by both Republicans and Democrats in the House and Senate. Once a revered political figure the public looked to for advice on everything from crime to child rearing, J. Edgar Hoover—the former director of the FBI from its inception in 1935 to his death in 1972—is now known as a bigot who abused his power to squash progressive causes and spy … "John Edgar Hoover was baptized at age 13, during the time he was under the tutelage of his brother Dickerson, who took him from one church to another, looking for the most prestigious congregation. Nov. 16, 2011— -- J. Edgar Hoover led a deeply repressed sexual life, living with his mother until he was 40, awkwardly rejecting the attention … The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition. One whom he often commended for particular effectiveness was the conservative sheriff of Caddo Parish, Louisiana, J. Howell Flournoy. John Edgar Hoover, als J. Edgar Hoover und als Edgar Hoover bekannt, (* 1.Januar 1895 in Washington, D.C.; † 2. The FBI fought organized crime in the Prohibition era. Hoover fired all female agents and banned the future hiring of them. Hoover amassed significant power by collecting files containing large amounts of compromising and potentially embarrassing information on many powerful people, especially politicians. Theoharis, Athan (1993). The allegation that King witnessed a rape and did not stop it is a serious one. At the same time, according to Athan Theoharis’ “The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide,” Acting Director Mark Felt incorporated the Bureau’s “Official and Confidential” files into the FBI’s central records system, subject to the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests. FBI Secrets: An Agent's Expose. [44] Hoover created the "Top Hoodlum Program" and went after the syndicate's top bosses throughout the country. 11, May 2, 1969, reproduced at, This entitled him to use the letters KBE after his name, but not to the use of the title "Sir," since that title is restricted to a citizen of countries belonging to the, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Assistant Director of the Bureau of Investigation, The George Washington University Law School, Learn how and when to remove this template message, assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire, Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth, "The Mysterious Origins of J. Edgar Hoover", "The Most Colossal Conspiracy against the United States", "17 Of The Most Influential Freemasons Ever", "William J. Burns, August 22, 1921 – June 14, 1924 [obituary]", "Dec. 23, 1929 – J. Edgar Hoover oversees the protection detail for the visiting Japanese Naval Delegation in Washington, D.C. – U.S. Secretary of State Stimson and the Japanese Ambassador Debuchi greet the visitors and escort them to the White House to meet with President Hoover", "More Fingerprints Called Necessary ... Hoover Urges Criminologists at Rochester to File Records in the Capital Bureau", "Washington Develops a World Clearing House For Identifying Criminals by Fingerprints", "Hoodlums Run Into Black Days Since Federal Drive Started", "Busted Hoodlum Conclave Made N.Y. Hamlet a 'Crime Shrine", "Lawyer William G. Hundley, 80 [obituary]", "German Saboteurs Invade America in 1942", "J Edgar Files - Private Files Of J Edgar Hoover | J Edgar Hoover", "Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans", "T.R.M. One of those children was my Grandfather… Du Bois, and the singer and actor Paul Robeson. [58] Some authors have charged that COINTELPRO methods also included inciting violence and arranging murders. ISBN 978-0-8142-1061-1. Out of a list of 1,400 suspicious Germans living in the U.S., the Bureau arrested 98 and designated 1,172 as arrestable. [59][60], This program remained in place until it was exposed to the public in 1971, after the burglary by a group of eight activists of many internal documents from an office in Media, Pennsylvania, whereupon COINTELPRO became the cause of some of the harshest criticism of Hoover and the FBI. [76] No prosecutions of the four suspects ensued, however, even though the evidence was reportedly "so strong that even a white Alabama jury would convict". ISBN 978-0-8371-5755-9. Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked The Gay Revolution. The FBI fought organized crime in the Prohibition era. ", http://thejewniverse.com/2013/the-screw-y-filthy-world-of-al-goldstein/, http://www.specificobject.com/objects/info.cfm?object_id=12758#.VL16PkfF9S0, https://books.google.com/books?id=aUv0lOqrPB4C&pg=PT106&lpg=PT106&dq=%22Is+J.+Edgar+Hoover+a+Fag, "Movie depicting J Edgar Hoover gay affair rankles some in FBI", "J. Edgar Hoover: Gay or Just a Man who has Sex with Men? This article has been updated to correct the name of the litigant from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference who sought to compel destruction of the recordings and transcripts. Praeger. "[11] Hoover stuttered as a boy, which he later learned to manage by teaching himself to talk quickly—a style that he carried through his adult career. Modern American Lives: Individuals and Issues in American History since 1945, Blaine T. Browne and Robert C. Cottrell, M. E. Sharpe (New York and London), 2008, p. 44, Ruch was one of two people to name their own sons J. Edgar, and complained of the idea that radicals should "be allowed to speak and write as they like." Mai 1924 der sechste Direktor des Bureau of Investigation (BOI) und vom 23. . The FBI is tending in that direction. He had eight children by my Great Grandmother, Elizabeth Allen. [92] Hoover was buried in the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C., next to the graves of his parents and a sister who had died in infancy.[93]. It should come as no surprise that Herbert Hoover and J. Edgar Hoover were frequently confused during their lives and remain so in death. J. Edgar Hoover would give his right eye to take over, and all congressmen and senators are afraid of him. [82] However, Summers noted that Hoover's friend, actress and singer Ethel Merman, knew of his sexual orientation. The first known portrayal was by Kent Rogers in the 1941 Looney Tunes short "Hollywood Steps Out". University Press of Mississippi. Clyde Anderson Tolson (May 22, 1900 – April 14, 1975) was the second-ranking official of the FBI from 1930 until 1972, from 1947 titled Associate Director, primarily responsible for personnel and discipline. [83], Hoover personally directed the FBI investigation of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. An older child -- John T. Hoover -- later had a son of his own, Dickerson N. Hoover, who was the father of J. Edgar. During his time there, he became a member of Kappa Alpha Order (Alpha Nu 1914). Lowenthal, Max (1950). The Federal Bureau of Investigation. J. Edgar Hoover ran the deep-cover conspiracy that killed President John F. Kennedy, and a just-revealed top-secret JFK government document proves it! The FBI participated in the Venona Project, a pre-World War II joint project with the British to eavesdrop on Soviet spies in the UK and the United States. But it was the civil rights movement’s growing influence that inspired Hoover to become increasingly alarmed about these connections. [107] Truman Capote, who enjoyed repeating salacious rumors about Hoover, once remarked that he was more interested in making Hoover angry than determining whether the rumors were true. ‘J. The legendary director of the FBI for over fifty years, J. Edgar Hoover's (1895–1972) bureaucratic and public relations skills along with his staunch anti-Communism saw him grow his organization and himself into household names widely respected and even revered by most Americans of his time. He had eight children by my Great Grandmother, Elizabeth Allen. He frequently fired Bureau agents, singling out those he thought "looked stupid like truck drivers," or whom he considered "pinheads. [34], Hoover often praised local law-enforcement officers around the country, and built up a national network of supporters and admirers in the process. Hoover was a gay cross-dresser. He took night classes at George Washington University while working at the Library of Congress as a clerk. Its “sex deviates” investigation from 1951 through the 1970s produced over 300,000 pages of files as part of what one historian has called “a war on gays.”. [80], Hoover worked to groom the image of the FBI in American media; he was a consultant to Warner Brothers for a theatrical film about the FBI, The FBI Story (1959), and in 1965 on Warner's long-running spin-off television series, The F.B.I. Appointed director of the Bureau of Investigation—predecessor to the FBI—in 1924, he was instrumental in founding the FBI in 1935, where he remained director until his death in 1972 aged 77. [42][page needed] Other writers believe Costello corrupted Hoover by providing him with horseracing tips, passed through a mutual friend, gossip columnist Walter Winchell. [118] Harry Hay, founder of the Mattachine Society, one of the first gay rights organizations, said Hoover and Tolson sat in boxes owned by and used exclusively by gay men at the Del Mar racetrack in California. But the judge in the case, John Lewis Smith Jr., rejected the request, and instead ordered them sealed for 50 years until 2027. Gid Powers, Richard (1986). The HSCA further reported that Hoover's FBI was deficient in its sharing of information with other agencies and departments.[95]. Hoover has been credited with building the FBI into a larger crime-fighting agency than it was at its inception and with instituting a number of modernizations to police technology, such as a centralized fingerprint file and forensic laboratories. He was the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation of the United States.He was chosen as director of the Bureau of Investigation because he helped start it. Hoover wrote an open letter to the press singling out these statements as "irresponsible. When J. Edgar Hoover died in 1972, his secretary Helen Gandy destroyed the FBI’s “Personal and Confidential” files on public officials and celebrities. [63] The COINTELPRO tactics were later extended to organizations such as the Nation of Islam, Black Panther Party, Martin Luther King Jr.'s Southern Christian Leadership Conference and others. After graduation, he was admitted to the bar in DC in 1917, and he began working for the Justice Department. in 1917 from the same university. [101] In 1998, Democrat Senator Harry Reid sponsored an amendment to strip Hoover's name from the building, stating that "J. Edgar Hoover's name on the FBI building is a stain on the building. J. Edgar is a 2011 American biographical drama film directed, produced and scored by Clint Eastwood. According to Summers, organized crime figures Meyer Lansky and Frank Costello obtained photos of Hoover's alleged homosexual activity with Tolson and used them to ensure that the FBI did not target their illegal activities. Luisa Stuart, a model who was 18 or 19 at the time, told Summers that she had seen Hoover holding hands with Tolson as they all rode in a limo uptown to the Cotton Club in 1936. COINTELPRO's activities were investigated in 1975 by the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, called the "Church Committee" after its chairman, Senator Frank Church (D-Idaho); the committee declared COINTELPRO's activities were illegal and contrary to the Constitution.[61]. Although Hoover built the reputation of the FBI arresting bank robbers in the 1930s, his main interest had always been Communist subversion, and during the Cold War he was able to focus the FBI's attention on these investigations. Everyone has heard the rumors that long-time FBI director J. Edgar Hoover liked to dress up in women’s clothing and participate in homosexual orgies. The FBI was obsessed with Martin Luther King Jr. from the mid-1950s until his assassination in 1968. Edgar Hoover's organization: Abbr. ISBN 978-1-56663-017-7. I. t's well known that FBI director J. Edgar Hoover was a flaming, cross-dressing closet queen with an obsession for large male appendages.. Hoover was such an insatiable sausage-hound that when one of his ex-lovers invented a device to pick up dirt, he named it “The Hoover” in his honor. The FBI’s intent was to demoralize and fragment the coalition of supporters King brought together in his life, the people who find common purpose by honoring his memory. Howard, an unlikely civil rights hero", "Details of FBI monitoring of Muhammad Ali become public", "Jacqueline Kennedy on Rev. In late July 1934, Special Agent Melvin Purvis, the Director of Operations in the Chicago office, received a tip on Dillinger's whereabouts that paid off when Dillinger was located, ambushed, and killed by Bureau agents outside the Biograph Theater.[38]. In 1935, the Bureau of Investigation was renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). [90] Hoover is the only civil servant to have lain in state. [135][137] A federal investigation that followed convinced President Dwight D. Eisenhower to sign an Executive Order on April 29, 1953, that barred homosexuals from obtaining jobs at the federal level. The Unsleeping Eye: Secret Police and Their Victims. But what about his own secrets? The first such proposal came just two months after the building's inauguration. Gentry, Curt (2001). crossword clue answer and solution which is part of Daily Themed Crossword October 21 2020 Answers.Many other players have had difficulties withJ. As Martin Luther King ascended in prominence in the late 1950s and 1960s, it was inevitable that the FBI would investigate him, like it did every other civil rights movement activist, for what it called “communist influence in racial matters.”. Young Edgar … A raid on a summer lodge in Manitowish Waters, Wisconsin, called "Little Bohemia," left a Bureau agent and a civilian bystander dead and others wounded; all the gangsters escaped. The flames of freedom which were lighted across this great land of ours in Thomas Jefferson's day have continued to burn with an intense and magnetic light for nearly 200 years. [106] Hoover reportedly hunted down and threatened anyone who made insinuations about his sexuality. [118], Hoover kept a large collection of pornographic material, possibly the world's largest,[120] of films, photographs, and written materials, with particular emphasis on nude photos of celebrities. J. Edgar Hoover (Blackmailer, Deep politician) Born: John Edgar Hoover 1895-01-01 Washington DC, United States: Died: May 2, 1972 (Age 77) Washington DC, United States: Alma mater: George Washington University: Religion: Presbyterian: Parents • Dickerson Naylor Hoover • Sr. Anna Marie Scheitlin: Founder of: WW1/Commission for Relief in Belgium He chose not to inform President Truman, Attorney General J. Howard McGrath, or Secretaries of State Dean Acheson and General George Marshall while they held office. University of California apporte des fonds en tant que membre fondateur de The Conversation US. [77] Later the same year, J. Edgar Hoover formally blocked any impending federal prosecutions against the suspects and refused to share, with state or federal prosecutors, any of the evidence which his agents had obtained. [82] On May 2, 1969, Screw published the first reference in print to J. Edgar Hoover's sexuality, entitled "Is J. Edgar Hoover a Fag?". They came to the conclusion that she was probably a Soviet spy. [17] He accepted the clerkship on July 27, 1917, when he was just 22 years old. With Leonardo DiCaprio, Armie Hammer, Naomi Watts, Josh Hamilton. While a law student, Hoover became interested in the career of Anthony Comstock, th… Litigation by Bernard Lee from King’s Southern Christian Leadership Conference sought to compel destruction of the recordings and transcripts. Stove, Robert J. ISBN 978-0-452-26904-0. [103], Hoover received his first dog from his parents when he was a child, after which he was never without one. [118], Hoover bequeathed his estate to Tolson, who moved into Hoover's house after Hoover died. Encounter Books. The … He was the director until his death in 1972 at age 77. The recordings did not provide evidence of “communist influence” on the civil rights movement. At various points in the 20th century, both Congress and the president instructed the FBI to investigate not just foreign agents but also “radicals” and “subversives.” Hoover interpreted that mandate to also develop what the FBI called “racial intelligence.”. ", "Books of The Times; Catalogue of Accusations Against J. Edgar Hoover", "J. Edgar Hoover Was Homosexual, Blackmailed by Mob, Book Says", "Did J. Edgar Hoover Really Wear Dresses? ", "9 Things to Know about 'The Lavender Scare, "Security requirements for Government employment", "Citation and Remarks at Presentation of the National Security Medal to J. Edgar Hoover | The American Presidency Project", "Hoover School gets a Name it can Take Pride In", Directors of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Association Against the Prohibition Amendment, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933, Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Edgar_Hoover&oldid=991142894, George Washington University Law School alumni, Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2013, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2013, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2020, Articles needing additional references from May 2018, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 1966: President Lyndon B. Johnson bestowed the State Department's, 1973: The newly built FBI headquarters in Washington, D.C., is named the. John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972) was an American politician. F.B.I. He is best known as the protégé and long-time top deputy of FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover. ISBN 978-0-275-33630-1. [10] The school newspaper applauded his "cool, relentless logic. Get all the lyrics to songs by J. Edgar Hoover and join the Genius community of music scholars to learn the meaning behind the lyrics. "[24], In 1920, Edgar Hoover was initiated[25] at D.C.'s Federal Lodge No. "[55] At this time he formalized a covert "dirty tricks" program under the name COINTELPRO. ISBN 978-0-7867-1775-0. [66], King's aide Andrew Young later claimed in a 2013 interview with the Academy of Achievement, that the main source of tension between the SCLC and FBI was the government agency's lack of black agents, and that both parties were willing to co-operate with each other by the time the Selma to Montgomery marches had taken place. In 1950, at the outbreak of the Korean War, Hoover submitted a plan to President Truman to suspend the writ of habeas corpus and detain 12,000 Americans suspected of disloyalty. J. Edgar Hoover has 22 books on Goodreads with 846 ratings. [98], The FBI Headquarters in Washington, D.C. is named the J. Edgar Hoover Building, after Hoover. In 1956, several years before he targeted King, Hoover had a public showdown with T. R. M. Howard, a civil rights leader from Mound Bayou, Mississippi. Hoover's moves against people who maintained contacts with subversive elements, some of whom were members of the civil rights movement, also led to accusations of trying to undermine their reputations. März 1935 bis zu seinem Tod der erste Direktor des nunmehr umbenannten Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). [6] Dickerson Hoover was of English and German ancestry. Ivan R. Dee. Once a revered political figure the public looked to for advice on everything from crime to child rearing, J. Edgar Hoover—the former director of the FBI from its inception in 1935 to his death in 1972—is now known as a bigot who abused his power to squash progressive causes and spy on political enemies. Original article title J. Edgar Hoover had black ancestors Seán Mac Mathúna “Not all slave masters abused their slaves – Some actually treated them like family and bore children by them, like the Mississippi plantation owner, William Hoover. Porter, Darwin (2012). [57], COINTELPRO's methods included infiltration, burglaries, setting up illegal wiretaps, planting forged documents, and spreading false rumors about key members of target organizations. Controversies. [43] Hoover once said the Bureau had "much more important functions" than arresting bookmakers and gamblers.[43]. During a national speaking tour, Howard had criticized the FBI's failure to investigate thoroughly the racially motivated murders of George W. Lee, Lamar Smith, and Emmett Till. John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972) was the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the United States. 11137, which would have changed the name of the edifice from the "J. Edgar Hoover F.B.I. Écrivez un article et rejoignez une communauté de plus de 117 300 universitaires et chercheurs de 3 789 institutions. [84] The House Select Committee on Assassinations issued a report in 1979 critical of the performance by the FBI, the Warren Commission, and other agencies. Swearingen, M. Wesley. Some FBI employees who knew them, such as Mark Felt, say the relationship was "brotherly"; however former FBI official Mike Mason suggested that some of Hoover's colleagues denied that he had a sexual relationship with Tolson in an effort to protect Hoover's image. For most of his life, Americans considered him a hero. From the 1910s to the 1970s, the FBI treated civil rights activists in general, and African American activists in particular, as either disloyal “subversives” or “dupes” of foreign agents. Biographer Kenneth D. Ackerman summarizes Hoover's legacy thus: For better or worse, he built the FBI into a modern, national organization stressing professionalism and scientific crime-fighting. "[80] However, Richard Nixon was recorded in 1971 as stating that one of the reasons he would not fire Hoover was that he was afraid of Hoover's reprisals against him. Hack notes that Hoover was romantically linked to actress Dorothy Lamour in the late 1930s and early 1940s and that after Hoover's death, Lamour did not deny rumors that she had had an affair with him. They are dabbling in sex-life scandals and plain blackmail. John Edgar Hoover was born in Washington, D.C. on January 1, 1895. Jackson's successor at the post of Attorney General, Francis Biddle, did turn down Hoover's requests on occasion.[51]. Hoover is also credited with establishing and expanding a national blacklist, referred to as the FBI Index or Index List, renamed in 2001 as the Terrorist Screening Database which the FBI still compiles and manages. After his death in 1972, Hoover's reputation swiftly changed from that of a man of integrity and honour to one of a 'monster'. U.S. President Harry S Truman said that Hoover transformed the FBI into his private secret police force: ... we want no Gestapo or secret police. J Edgar Hoover Was Despised By Most Of The Presidents . Tolson accepted the American flag that draped Hoover's casket. The two teams were apprehended after one of the agents contacted the FBI and told them everything - he was also charged, and convicted. Some notable portrayals (listed chronologically) include: Ackerman, Kenneth D. (2007). . [5], John Edgar Hoover was born on New Year's Day 1895 in Washington, D.C., to Anna Marie (née Scheitlin; 1860–1938), who was of Swiss-German descent, and Dickerson Naylor Hoover (1856–1921), chief of the printing division of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, formerly a plate maker for the same organization. In his autobiography, civil rights leader Andrew Young described his and Coretta and Martin Luther King’s responses to the tape that accompanied what he called the “sick letter”: “It was a very poor quality recording. On the Lam; Narratives of Flight in J. Edgar Hoover's America. [105] The historians John Stuart Cox and Athan G. Theoharis speculated that Clyde Tolson, who became an assistant director to Hoover in his mid 40s, was a homosexual lover to Hoover until his death (and became his primary heir). Truman did not act on the plan. [78] In 1968, the FBI formally closed their investigation into the bombing without filing charges against any of their named suspects. ISBN 978-1-57806-537-0. But this information derives from a single questionable source paid for a recollection of something that supposedly occurred three decades earlier—a source with good reason to despise Hoover. On May 10, 1924, President Calvin Coolidge appointed Hoover as the fifth Director of the Bureau of Investigation, partly in response to allegations that the prior director, William J. Burns, was involved in the Teapot Dome scandal. De montage komt wat rommelig over, voornamelijk omdat het materiaal gebaat is bij een nog langere speelduur. Born: 1-Jan-1895 Birthplace: Washington, DC Died: 2-May-1972 Location of death: Washington, DC Cause of death: Heart Failure Remains: Buried, Congressional Cemetery, Washington, DC Gender: Male Religion: Presbyterian Race or Ethnicity: White Sexual orientation: Gay Occupation: Government Nationality: United States Executive summary: Director of …
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